Copper sulfate (copper(II) sulfate, CuSO₄) is an inorganic compound existing in both hydrated and anhydrous forms. The pentahydrate, CuSO₄·5H₂O, is the most common and is recognized by its vivid blue crystals (historically known as “blue vitriol”). Anhydrous CuSO₄ appears as a white or grayish-white powder .

Unsaturated Polyester Resin (UPR) is a thermosetting polymer produced by polycondensation between dibasic acids (e.g., maleic, fumaric, phthalic, isophthalic, terephthalic acids) and diols (e.g., ethylene glycol). The resin is typically dissolved in a reactive diluent, most commonly styrene, resulting in a yellowish, viscous liquid.

Potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃), commonly known as potash or pearl ash, is a versatile inorganic compound with a wide range of applications across various industries. Its chemical properties make it invaluable in sectors such as manufacturing, agriculture, food processing, pharmaceuticals, and water treatment.

Sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), commonly referred to as anhydrous sodium sulfate, is a white, odorless, crystalline powder. As a widely utilized inorganic salt, it plays a crucial role in various industries, including chemical manufacturing, textiles, paper production, detergents, and glassmaking. Its stability, cost-effectiveness, and multifunctional properties make it indispensable in numerous applications.

Polyferric sulfate (PFS) is a high-molecular-weight, pre-polymerized inorganic coagulant characterized by its superior performance, light yellow amorphous powder form, and excellent coagulation ability in a wide pH range. PFS is known for its high charge density and ability to form large flocs, which effectively remove impurities from water.This article provides a detailed overview of PFS’s properties, mechanisms, applications, and a focused comparison with ferric and ferrous sulfate to guide

Hydrated lime, or slaked lime, is a versatile alkali whose high reactivity and moderate solubility make it indispensable in heavy-industry. In mining and metallurgy, it controls pH for ore flotation and heap leaching, neutralizes acidic process streams, and forms slag to remove impurities in steelmaking. In water and wastewater treatment, it adjusts pH and precipitates heavy metals, while in flue-gas desulfurization it captures SO₂, curbing acid-rain emissions. Beyond these, hydrated lime stab

Sulfate salts are a widely used class of chemical compounds in many industries. Three common examples are ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄), zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄), and copper sulfate (CuSO₄). Despite having the same anionic part (SO₄²⁻), these compounds differ significantly in chemical properties, appearance, and applications. This article will compare ferrous sulfate, zinc sulfate, and copper sulfate to help clarify their differences and support industrial decision-making.

Activated carbon—often derived from renewable coconut shells—is one of the most versatile and widely used adsorbents in modern industry. Known for its extremely high surface area, porous structure, and excellent chemical stability, activated carbon (also referred to as activated charcoal) has found applications ranging from water and air purification to precious metal recovery and chemical processing.

Barium sulfate (BaSO₄) is a white, crystalline inorganic compound known for its exceptional stability and unique physical properties. Widely used across various industries, barium sulfate is indispensable due to its chemical inertness, high density, and resistance to acids. This article provides an in-depth look at barium sulfate, focusing on its properties, industrial applications, and safety considerations.

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