Xanthic Acid

The name xanthate is derived from Ancient Greek ξανθός  meaning ‘yellowish’ or ‘golden’, and indeed most xanthate salts are yellow.

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Xanthate

A xanthate is a salt or ester of a xanthic acid. The formula of the salt of xanthic acid is [R−O−CS2]−M+ (where R is organyl group and M is usually Na or K).Xanthate also refers to the anion [R−O−CS2]−. The formula of a xanthic acid is R−O−C(=S)−S−H, such as ethyl xanthic acid, while the formula of an ester of a xanthic acid is R−O−C(=S)−S−R’, where R and R’ are organyl groups. The salts of xanthates are also called O-organyl dithioates. The esters of xanthic acid are also called O,S-diorganyl esters of dithiocarbonic acid.They were discovered and named in 1823 by Danish chemist William Christopher Zeise. These organosulfur compounds are important in two areas: the production of cellophane and related polymers from cellulose and (in mining) for extraction of certain sulphide bearing ores.They are also versatile intermediates in organic synthesis.

Xanthate salts of alkali metals are produced by the treatment of an alcohol, alkali, and carbon disulfide. The process is called xanthation.In chemical terminology, the alkali reacts with the alcohol to produce an alkoxide, which is the nucleophile that adds to the electrophilic carbon atom in CS2.Often the alkoxide is generated in situ by treating the alcohol with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide:

ROH + CS2 + KOH → ROCS2K + H2O

For example, sodium ethoxide gives sodium ethyl xanthate. Many alcohols can be used in this reaction. Technical grade xanthate salts are usually of 90–95% purity. Impurities include alkali metal sulfides, sulfates, trithiocarbonates, thiosulfates, sulfites, or carbonates as well as residual raw material such as alcohol and alkali hydroxide. These salts are available commercially as powder, granules, flakes, sticks, and solutions are available.

Structure

Some commercially or otherwise useful xanthate salts include:

sodium ethyl xanthate CH3CH2OCS2Na
potassium ethyl xanthate, CH3CH2OCS2K
potassium isopropyl xanthate, (CH3)2CHOCS2K[4]
sodium isobutyl xanthate, (CH3)2CHCH2OCS2Na
potassium amyl xanthate, CH3(CH2)4OCS2K

The OCS2 core of xanthate salts, like that of the carbonates and the esters has trigonal planar molecular geometry. The central carbon atom is sp2-hybridized.

Sodium/Potassium Isobutyl Xanthate (SIBX)

  • Flotation Reagent
  • Rubber Vulcanization
  • Oils Fortifying Agent
  • Additive

Sodium Isobutyl Xanthate (SIBX) is available in the form of pale-yellow crystals or powdered form in the pure state. It is also available in the form of a solution. In the solid form, SIBX absorbs moisture from the air, and so, it is known as a hygroscopic substance. SIBX emits the odor of carbon disulfide that is somewhat the same as that of decaying cabbage. In some cases, SIBX can emit a very faint unpleasant, or sulfurousodor. SIBX is readily soluble in water and could form insoluble compounds with different metallic ions.

MORE PRODUCTS
Item Content
Active Component ≥90%
Free Alkali ≤0.2%
Moisture ＆ Volatile ≤4.0%
Solubility Water Soluble
Appearance Faint yellow to yellow-green or grey powder or rod-like pellet

application

The invention of xanthates has greatly promoted the advancement of ore dressing technology. Various xanthates can serve as collectors in froth flotation, with the largest usage in this field. Ethyl sodium xanthate and ethyl potassium xanthate can also be used as wet metallurgical precipitants, pharmaceutical intermediates, and for crop drying in agriculture. Isopropyl sodium xanthate, isopropyl zinc xanthate, and n-butyl zinc xanthate can be utilized as rubber vulcanization accelerators, mainly for latex compounds and low-temperature vulcanized pastes. It is known that xanthates with short carbon chains have weaker collecting power but stronger selectivity. As the number of carbon atoms in the molecule increases, the collecting power gradually strengthens while the selectivity decreases. Therefore, ethyl xanthates are usually used for the preferential flotation of easily floatable sulfide ores, while combinations of ethyl xanthates with butyl (or isobutyl) xanthates are typically used for the flotation of polymetallic sulfide ores. To further improve metal recovery rates, sometimes pentyl (or isopentyl) xanthates or hexyl xanthates need to be added.

In addition to xanthate salts, xanthate esters, a class of compounds with the general formula S=C-SR1(OR2), have attracted great interest due to their excellent biological activity and various superior properties. The applications of xanthate esters and their complexes have aroused considerable interest among people.

All types of xanthates should not be used under strongly acidic conditions, as this can cause xanthate decomposition, significantly reducing their effective ingredient content and deteriorating the on-site environment, even leading to danger.

  • The uses of Sodium Isobutyl Xanthate (SIBX) as a collector are widely known. It is a credible flotation reagent for different nonferrous metallic sulfide ores. It is primarily implemented for the flotation of copper, lead, zinc sulfide ores as well as the sulfide ores of other precious metals. However, the strength of SIBX as a flotation reagent has been largely evident in the case of the flotation of copper ores and pyrites. The primary structure of SIBX as a xanthate is the notable reason for its effectiveness as a collector in the flotation process for sulfide ores.
  • The other trivial applications of Sodium Isobutyl Xanthate (SIBX) are evident in its use for curing and vulcanization of rubber. SIBX serves as a promising antioxidant for rubber. Furthermore, SIBX also finds applications as a fortifying agent for specific oils as well as in analytical procedures. The properties such as odor and sulfur content of SIBX also make it an ideal choice for herbicides, fungicides, and pesticides. Furthermore, SIX is also used in the froth flotation process for soils contaminated with mercury and also as a high-pressure lubricant additive.
  • The strength of SIPX for collection is slightly higher than that of ethyl xanthate. Therefore, it serves as the perfect tool for the flotation of nonferrous metallic sulfide minerals in the form of a collector. Xanthates have been known for being an integral part of sulfide mineral flotation. SIPX is actually a salt that contains a non-polar hydrocarbon group that helps in the hydrophobic nature of sulfide material, thereby pointing out from the mineral to the solution. The salt also contains a polar group that adsorbs onto the sulfide mineral surface.
  • The strengths of SIPX are clearly evident in its cost-effectiveness in comparison to renowned specialty collectors. SIPX is easy to manufacture, and their availability in the solid pellet form helps in convenient and simpler handling. Therefore, SIPX is one of the common choices as a flotation reagent in the case of non-ferrous metal sulfides.
  • SIPX also finds applications in the pharmaceutical industry for manufacturing drugs such as Pantoprazole. SIPX also reduces the risks of hazards due to the flammable CS2 liquid and is also assumed as a carrier in the production of pharmaceutical products. SIPX also finds prominent applications as an herbicide, froth flotation agent in soils contaminated with mercury, and as an antioxidant and rubber curing agent.

Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate (SIPX)

  • Flotation Reagent
  • Rubber Vulcanization
  • Hydrometallurgy
  • Additive

Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate (SIPX) is available in the solid powder form or in the shape of pellets. SIPX has the appearance of white to yellowish deliquescent solid in the powder form. The color of the SIPX pellets varies from yellow to green. In the solid powder form, SIPX emits a slightly pungent odour. In the pellet form, SIPX emits a sulphur like odour.

MORE PRODUCTS
Item Content
Active Component ≥90%
Free Alkali ≤0.2%
Moisture ＆ Volatile ≤4.0%
Solubility Water Soluble
Appearance Faint yellow to yellow-green rod-like pellet

The difference between SIBX and SIPX：

Isopropyl and isobutyl differ in chemical structure and properties, possessing distinct characteristics and applications. Firstly, they vary in molecular weight, with isobutyl having a higher molecular weight than isopropyl. Secondly, their boiling and melting points differ, with isobutyl having higher boiling and melting points than isopropyl. Additionally, their chemical reactions differ, with isobutyl being more prone to electrophilic substitution reactions.

Due to their differing chemical structures and properties, isopropyl and isobutyl have different uses in practical applications. Isopropyl is commonly used in the manufacture of organic synthetic materials, solvents, and surfactants. Meanwhile, isobutyl is often used in the production of fuels, lubricants, and plastics. Moreover, isobutyl can also be utilized in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and fragrances.

In summary, isopropyl and isobutyl exhibit differences in chemical structure and properties, each possessing distinct characteristics and applications. Understanding their similarities and differences can lead to better utilization, meeting the needs of various fields.

1.water treatment agent

Performance Analysis of Xanthate Heavy Metal Water Treatment Agents Xanthate heavy metal water treatment agent is an additive with performance that differs from other conventional water treatment agents. It possesses several unique characteristics:

① During the water treatment process, it can form very uniform and dense precipitates, effectively removing heavy metal ions from water.

② Compared to other water treatment agents, xanthate heavy metal water treatment agent has low solubility in water, effectively avoiding the occurrence of turbidity during the treatment process.

③ Its treatment effect is stable and can maintain a stable level in various situations, unaffected by the environment. Henan Hancheng Environmental Protection Company

Application Effect Analysis of Xanthate Heavy Metal Water Treatment Agents Through practical application, the following conclusions can be drawn:

① Compared to traditional water treatment agents, xanthate heavy metal water treatment agents can better reduce the concentration of heavy metal ions in water, improving water quality.

② The application effect of xanthate heavy metal water treatment agents is indeed satisfactory, and they can adapt to various water treatment environments, greatly improving treatment efficiency.

sodium/potassium ethyl xanthate

  • Flotation Reagent
  • Rubber Curing And Vulcanization
  • Crop Drying
  • Additive

A yellowish powder or pellet with a pungent odour, soluble in water. It can form insoluble compounds with metallic ions e.g.: cobalt, copper and nickel etc.Used as the flotation collector for easily floating and complex non-ferrous metal sulphide ore,with the best selectivity in the xanthate products,equipped with the curing agent,used for copper and lead oxide ore flotation.

MORE PRODUCTS
Item Content
Active Component ≥90%
Free Alkali ≤0.2%
Moisture ＆ Volatile ≤4.0%
Appearance Faint yellow to yellow-green powder or rodlike pellet

2.Flotation Reagent

Mining plants may discharge various wastes, including liquid and solid, toxic and non-toxic. In flotation plants, a large amount of flotation reagents needs to be added at different stages for effective flotation separation. These reagents are retained in the discharged waste solutions and coexist with waste residues. Some toxic substances coexist with the final residues, and some are dissolved by the processed minerals, present in various material streams of the mining plant. Generally, sulfhydryl, sulfonic acid, and amine collectors in flotation reagents exist as components with medium to severe toxicity.

Xanthates are one of the widely used types of heavy metal collectors, typically synthesized from alcohol and carbon disulfide in an alkaline environment. They are products generated by the replacement of hydrogen atoms in hydroxyl groups with carbon disulfide. Xanthate collectors include ethyl xanthate salts and naturally occurring high-molecular-weight modified xanthate esters. Ethyl xanthate salts, such as potassium ethyl xanthate and sodium ethyl xanthate, are commonly used in analytical chemistry and metallurgical industries as precipitants for copper and nickel. Using potassium ethyl xanthate to remove complexed copper from wastewater, research has shown it to be an effective heavy metal remover, reducing copper concentrations from 50, 100, 500, 1000mg/L to below discharge standards. Moreover, compounds formed with copper meet the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) standards for non-toxic and harmless substances.

Physical methods of heavy metal capture involve separation through adsorption, concentration without altering the chemical form of heavy metal ions, including adsorption, solvent extraction, evaporation and condensation, ion exchange, and membrane separation.

Sodium/Potassium Amyl Xanthate

  • Flotation Reagent
  • Rubber Vulcanization
  • Hydrometallurgy
  • Additive

Used as the collector for the flotation of non-ferrous metal mineral which need strong collector but no selectivity,it is a good collector for the flotation of oxidized sulfide ore or copper oxide and zinc oxide (vulcanized by the sulfiding agent) as well as copper-nickel sulfide ores and gold bearing pyrite ores,and so on.

MORE PRODUCTS
Item Content
Active Component ≥90%
Free Alkali ≤0.2%
Moisture ＆ Volatile ≤4.0%
Solubility Water Soluble
Appearance Faint yellow to yellow-green or grey powder or rod-like pellet

3.Rubber vulcanization accelerators:

Substances added to rubber compounds to shorten vulcanization time and lower vulcanization temperature are known as vulcanization accelerators. They belong to a category of additives capable of increasing the speed and degree of crosslinking of rubber compounds by elemental sulfur or other vulcanizing agents.

Xanthate salt accelerators belong to acidic ultra-accelerators, theoretically faster than dithiocarbamate accelerators. They mainly include accelerators ZIP and ZBX, which are generally used in hot air vulcanization of natural rubber, butadiene rubber, nitrile rubber, and chloroprene rubber latex, or in low-temperature vulcanized rubber pastes with poor storage stability and narrow vulcanization flat zone, unable to achieve dry rubber vulcanization. Reclaimed rubber is originally a block solid and generally cannot be used for the production of latex products, thus the application of xanthate salt accelerators in reclaimed rubber products is extremely rare.

4.Agricultural Application

Xanthate salts have various applications in agriculture, playing a significant role in crop protection, yield enhancement, and soil improvement.

Insecticides: Some xanthate salts can serve as active ingredients in insecticides, used to control pests on crops. They can affect the growth, development, and reproduction of insects, thereby acting as insecticides.

Herbicides: Some xanthate salts can also be used as components of herbicides, helping to control the growth of weeds in fields and protect the crop growth environment.

Plant Growth Regulators: Xanthate salts can act as plant growth regulators, influencing the growth and development processes of plants, regulating the growth rate and morphological structure of plants, thereby improving crop yield and quality.

Soil Amendments: Some xanthate salts can also be used as soil amendments, adjusting soil pH, improving soil structure, enhancing soil fertility and permeability, thereby promoting crop growth.

Sodium/Potassium Butyl Xanthate

  • Flotation Reagent
  • Rubber Curing And Vulcanization
  • Crop Additive
  • Metallurgy

Sodium butyl xanthate is a colorless crystalline or powder-like solid, soluble in water and alcohol solvents. Its chemical formula is C15H27O3SNa, with a relative molecular mass of 306.42. Sodium butyl xanthate belongs to the class of organic acid salts, possessing acidity and surfactant properties.

MORE PRODUCTS
Item Content
Active Component ≥90%
Free Alkali ≤0.2%
Moisture ＆ Volatile ≤4.0%
Appearance Faint yellow to yellow-green or grey powder or rod-like pellet
Security Precautions

  1. Hazards of Xanthate Salts ：Xanthate salts belong to Class 4 and Class 5 dangerous goods. They pose hazards such as flammability, explosiveness, and irritability. In case of fire or high-temperature environments, xanthate salts can ignite and release toxic smoke. Mixing xanthate salts with oxidants, strong acids, or other chemicals can lead to chemical reactions and release hazardous gases. This substance is toxic and highly irritant. Inhalation of dust can cause acute poisoning, symptoms of which include wheezing, periodic vomiting, cyanosis, and convulsions. Severe cases may lead to loss of consciousness, with protein, sugar, and a small amount of red blood cells detected in the urine.

  2. Storage and Transportation of Xanthate Salts：Xanthate salts should be stored in dry, ventilated, cool areas away from fire sources. During transportation, xanthate salts should be segregated from other dangerous goods and comply with relevant regulations and standards. Mixing xanthate salts with strong oxidants, strong acids, or flammable substances during transportation should be avoided to prevent hazardous reactions. Sturdy wooden crates, barrels, or plastic drums lined with plastic bags or kraft paper should be tightly packaged. They should be securely bound with iron wires or iron sheets on the outside. Each package should not exceed a net weight of 50 kg and should be stored away from light.
  3. Use of Xanthate Salts：During use, protective equipment and clothing must be worn, and operational procedures and regulations must be strictly followed. After contact with xanthate salts, the body should be promptly washed, and clothing should be changed to reduce risks. Care should be taken to avoid skin and eye contact with xanthate salts to prevent irritation and chemical injury.

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